![]() ![]() For almost any kind of magnetometry, there exists a wealth of textbooks and review articles and here only a subjective choice of exemplarily works has been made the interested reader is referred to the references therein. Poole, Electron Spin Resonance: A Comprehensive Treatise and Experimental Techniques ( Dover Publications Inc., 1997). to high frequency techniques in the GHz-regime such as electron paramagnetic or ferromagnetic resonance (ESR/FMR). Most of them can be turned into susceptometry by modulating the external magnetic field applied to the specimen and recording the response function χ. or synchrotrons (x-ray magnetic circular dichroism). to sophisticated experimental techniques utilizing large scale facilities like neutrons (polarized neutron scattering) 3 3. over optical techniques like the magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) 2 2. There are numerous different experimental techniques for magnetometry ranging from vibrating sample magnetometers (VSM), 1 1. It turns out that special attention is needed to quantify and correct the residual fields of the superconducting magnet to derive useful information from integral magnetometry while pushing the limits of detection and to avoid erroneous conclusions. In this Tutorial, we will briefly review the basic principles of magnetometry and present a representative discussion of artifacts which can occur in studying samples like soft magnetic materials as well as low moment samples. ![]() For realistic experimental conditions, the as-recorded magnetic signal contains several artifacts, especially if small signals are measured on top of a large magnetic background or low magnetic fields are required. Commercial superconducting quantum interference device magnetometers are versatile experimental tools to magnetically characterize samples with ultimate sensitivity as well as with a high degree of automation. In the field of nanomagnetism and spintronics, integral magnetometry is nowadays challenged by samples with low magnetic moments and/or low coercive fields. ![]()
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